If you're the owner of a corporation that has appreciated in value over time and it's expected to continue growing, there are ways to restructure the ownership of your corporation to improve tax efficiency and simplify the planning for your estate. An estate freeze is a tool that can be used to cap the value of your assets and transfer the future growth to the next generation of owners. This article focuses on planning considerations for freezes involving incorporated family businesses and investment holding companies. Throughout the article, the presumed beneficiaries are family members, but an estate freeze can also be used for transfers to key employees or other successors.

(Any reference to a spouse in this post also refers to a common-law partner.)

What is an Estate Freeze?

An estate freeze refers to a transaction where you lock-in or "freeze" the value of appreciating assets. The intent is to transfer the future growth of the assets and their associated tax liability to other taxpayers, usually family members. An estate freeze is implemented by exchanging property that is likely to grow in value (e.g. common shares of your business) for property with no growth potential (e.g. fixed-value preferred shares of your business). Estate freezes are generally used when there is an expectation that your corporation will continue to grow in value, you have accumulated sufficient net worth, and you wish to pass future growth to other family members.

Generally, when you dispose of property, including a deemed disposition on death, capital gains and associated taxes are triggered. A notable exception is when property is transferred to a spouse. If you intend to sell or gift property to someone other than your spouse, the potential capital gains tax could be substantial, especially if the property has greatly appreciated in value. By implementing an estate freeze, you may be able to limit your accrued capital gain on the property and transfer future capital gains to your intended beneficiaries without triggering immediate tax consequences. Aside from the deferral of capital gains tax, the other benefit of the strategy is that it allows you to plan for the tax that will be payable upon the eventual disposition of the property, including the deemed disposition on death. By capping your accrued capital gains on the transferred property, you and your professional advisors can estimate the tax liability and look at strategies for funding it.

When Would You Consider an Estate Freeze?

Before you consider an estate freeze, be sure that you don't require the future growth to fund your legacy and lifestyle needs. An estate freeze works best when you want to achieve one or more of the following objectives:

• You want to minimize and defer tax
• You operate a business and have family members that will take over the business after you retire or after your death
• You wish to income split with family members who are in a lower marginal income tax bracket than yourself
• You own an operating company that has grown to a size where you would use all of your lifetime capital gains exemption (LCGE) on the disposition of the shares of the corporation. You may also have family members who haven't used their LCGEs, and you expect your business to grow significantly in the future
• You reside in a jurisdiction with high probate fees (e.g. Ontario or British Columbia) and want to minimize such fees

Tax Minimization and Deferral

A properly implemented estate freeze will allow you to defer the taxes payable on the accrued gain on the shares of your corporation and transfer the future growth of your business to your beneficiaries. Because the growth is passed on to your other family members, you limit the amount of tax you will pay on the sale or deemed disposition of the shares of your corporation. You're only responsible for the taxes payable on the frozen value of your shares. In addition, if your family members are in a lower income tax bracket, they will pay less tax than you would on the future growth. This will lower your family's overall tax bill.

Typically, you don't realize the accrued gain at the time you implement the freeze. The taxes are payable on the accrued gains at a future date, for example, when you sell or are deemed to have disposed of the shares. The future growth of the corporation is passed on to your family members. Thus, the taxes payable on this future growth are deferred until your family members dispose of or are deemed to have disposed of their shares of the corporation.

If the sale of the shares is imminent, an estate freeze may not be as effective since the opportunity for the future growth and the ability to defer taxation in these situations could be minimal. Be sure to talk to your family members and determine their goals before implementing an estate freeze.

Estate Freeze as Part of Your Business Succession Plan

As a business owner, your business may be your largest and most important asset. However, one of the greatest risks to a family business is succession, the passing of the business from one generation to the next. An estate freeze is one of the tools that can facilitate the succession of the ownership of your family business by fixing the value of your shares in the business as of a particular date and passing the future growth on to your family members. It allows you to use the frozen portion of the business to fund your retirement, while your family members who are successors to your business can begin to work in the business and contribute to the future growth of the business.

Income Splitting

By implementing an estate freeze, you may be able to income split with your lower-income family members. The estate freeze allows you to introduce your lower-income family members as shareholders of your corporation without triggering tax. You may be able to income split by having your corporation pay dividends to your family members who are in lower marginal tax brackets thereby reducing your family's overall tax bill. If your spouse and children have little or no other sources of income, you may be able to provide each family member with dividends from your corporation that attract no income tax or very little tax.

That said, it's important to note that there are "tax on split income" (TOSI) rules which limit splitting certain types of income from a corporation with family members. As of January 2018, the TOSI rules became more restrictive, applying to adult family members as well as minors. The changes were designed to discourage business owners and professionals from income splitting with family members who do not meaningfully contribute to the business or practice.

The TOSI rules apply to many types of income received from a private corporation, including interest, dividends, and certain capital gains but they don't apply to reasonable salaries or bonuses. Where TOSI applies, the income received by the family member is subject to tax at the highest marginal rate, regardless of the individual's actual marginal tax rate. In addition, the individual loses the ability to claim certain personal tax credits on the split income, such as the basic personal tax credit.

The TOSI rules are complicated, and you'll want to work with a qualified tax advisor to understand how they apply in your specific situation. For example, there are some exclusions to TOSI, which differ depending on the age of the individual receiving the income. There is also an exclusion available to the spouse of a business owner who is age 65 or older. The exclusions mainly rely on whether the family member is significantly involved in the business or owns a certain portion of the votes and value of the corporation's shares. The exclusions are generally more restrictive for minors and for professional corporations.

Multiplying the Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption

There is a significant tax break on the capital gains you realize on the disposition of certain private company shares. The LCGE is available to individuals who dispose of shares of a qualifying small business corporation (QSBC). The 2024 budget proposed to increase the LCGE from $1,016,836 to $1,250,000 for dispositions that occur on or after June 25, 2024. The LCGE will resume indexation in 2026.

In making a decision to freeze, consider both the present capital gain and future capital gain of your business. If the value of your business will increase beyond the amount of LCGE available to you, you may want to consider implementing an estate freeze to transfer some of the growth to your family members. Each individual shareholder is entitled to claim a LCGE during their lifetime on the disposition of qualifying property. Therefore, if your family members are also shareholders, they may be able to make use of their exemptions and reduce the total taxes payable on the sale of your business. Just note that there may be negative tax implications if the shareholders are minors (under the age of 18) and the shares of the corporation are sold to a non-arm's length party.

Probate Fee Reduction

Depending on which province or territory you reside in, you may be concerned with probate fees. Assuming your business continues to grow in value, an estate freeze will limit the size of your estate and therefore limit probate fees payable. Please note, there are other strategies that you can employ to reduce probate fees. For example, if you are 65 years of age or older, you may want to consider an alter ego or joint partner trust. Alternatively, in some provinces or territories, you may be able to employ a multiple Wills strategy for your private company shares to reduce probate. Speak with a qualified legal and/or tax advisor to determine a suitable strategy to deal with the potential probate fees you may incur.

Common Concerns and Considerations

Implementing an estate freeze can be very complex, therefore, it's important that you consult with a tax professional who is cognizant of the multitude of technical tax rules in this area and the possible pitfalls. It's important to weigh the costs and risks against the potential benefits of an estate freeze prior to implementation. The following are some of the things you should consider before implementing an estate freeze.

Legal and Accounting Costs

You will incur legal and accounting fees to implement an estate freeze. In addition, if you introduce a holding company and/or a family trust to your business structure as part of the estate freeze, you may increase the complexity and the ongoing legal and accounting fees you incur. You need to be aware of these fees and the increased complexity of your affairs prior to implementing an estate freeze.

Inflation

Over time, inflation may reduce the real value of your frozen preferred shares and may compromise your ability to enjoy a comfortable retirement. It's important to ensure that the effects of inflation do not leave you with insufficient funds to meet your personal needs.

If the value of your corporation isn't large enough yet, it may be too soon to implement an estate freeze. In this case, you may want to consider implementing a partial estate freeze where you issue new growth common shares to both you and your family members, possibly through a family trust, to provide more flexibility. This allows you to continue to participate in some of the future growth of the corporation, if necessary, and reduce the effects of inflation on your wealth.

Family Law Issues

When implementing an estate freeze, you should consider family law implications. For example, when growth shares are issued to the next generation, you may want to consider how those shares would be treated for the purposes of the division of assets upon a relationship breakdown.

Mobility of Your Family Members

Our families are increasingly mobile. The next generation may move to other countries and become a non-resident of Canada for income tax purposes; or some of them may remain a Canadian resident but have obtained U.S. citizenship or a green card. Their tax residency status may impact how the estate freeze should be implemented.

U.S. Persons

If you or your intended beneficiaries are U.S. persons (U.S. citizens, green card holders, or residents), an estate freeze may not be an effective strategy as there could be adverse U.S. income and gift tax consequences. It's important to speak with a qualified tax advisor that's familiar with cross-border issues before implementing an estate freeze in this situation.

Attribution

If an estate freeze is not properly structured, the attribution rules may apply. The attribution rules limit taxpayers from income splitting with certain parties. If attribution applies, income paid or made payable to your children or your spouse may be taxable in your hands instead. You should exercise caution when lending or transferring assets to or for the benefit of your spouse or to a non-arm's length minor, either directly or indirectly, through a corporation and/or a trust.

Particular caution needs to be taken in estate freezes involving trusts. To avoid attribution back to the settlor or a person that contributes to the trust, the trust used in the estate freeze should be irrevocable. It's important to select the right settlor, trustee(s), capital and income beneficiaries and trust terms.

In addition, if you transfer or loan property to a corporation and one of the main purposes is to reduce your income and benefit a spouse or a non-arm's length minor, the corporate attribution rules may apply. The most common way of doing an estate freeze is viewed by the CRA as a transfer of property to a corporation and one of the main purposes of an estate freeze is to reduce your income and benefit your spouse and/or children. If the corporate attribution rules apply, you may have to include an annual interest amount on your income tax return. The interest amount is calculated as the value of the property you loaned or transferred to the corporation multiplied by the CRA prescribed interest rate. This interest amount is included in your income even if no income from your corporation is paid to your spouse or a non-arm's length minor. That said, there are ways to manage corporate attribution. For example, you can reduce the benefit amount by receiving interest or taxable dividends from the corporation.

Corporate attribution doesn't apply to a Canadian-controlled private corporation if all or substantially all (generally means 90% or more) of the fair market value of its assets are used in an active business carried on primarily in Canada. Therefore, corporate attribution is a concern only if your corporation holds passive investment assets exceeding 10% of the fair market value of its total assets.

Trusts and the 21-Year Deemed Disposition Rules

If you're incorporating a trust in the estate freeze, you should be aware of the 21-year deemed disposition rules for trusts. To prevent the indefinite deferral of capital gains accumulated in a trust, the trust is deemed to have disposed of its assets every 21 years for tax purposes. This means that the trust must report all accumulated gains and losses on its tax return as if it actually sold the assets for fair market value. If the trust holds real estate or business assets, you may need to engage valuators to establish a proper value. Any gains realized as a result of this deemed disposition are taxed at the highest marginal tax rate in the trust's province or territory of residence, unless the trust agreement allows for this type of deemed income to be allocated to the beneficiaries to be taxed in their hands.

Even though the trust is deemed to dispose of all assets and must pay the tax on the resulting capital gain, it doesn't mean the trust must be wound-up unless the trust agreement states that the trust should be terminated. After its 21st anniversary date, the trust may continue to operate as it did before.

If you're utilizing a trust in the estate freeze, you'll want to consider the timing of when you freeze. If you expect the freeze to be in place for longer than 21 years, consider taking steps to plan for the deemed disposition. Speak to a qualified tax and/or legal advisor regarding the planning that may be available.

Examples of Estate Freeze Structures

There are various methods of implementing an estate freeze and different possible structures. A detailed examination of each is beyond the scope of this article. The following discussion highlights one of the common methods of implementing an estate freeze and illustrates some of the common post-estate freeze structures.

Mr. X owns 100% of the common shares of his operating company. Mr. X may freeze the value of his common shares by transferring them to his operating company in exchange for frozen preferred shares equal in value to the existing value of his common shares. When you transfer property, such as ordinary common shares, to a corporation in return for fixed value, redeemable, retractable preferred shares, the value of the property you transfer is effectively frozen in the new preferred shares you receive in return. Since all of the value of your corporation is now in the preferred shares, new common shares with nominal value can then be issued to your spouse and/or children. Estate freezes like these can be implemented without triggering any immediate tax liability because the transfer of the common shares to the corporation can be done on a tax-deferred basis under various income tax rules.

You may decide to introduce a holding company as part of your estate freeze. Having a holding company as part of your structure may allow you to move passive assets from your operating company to your holding company on a tax-deferred basis. This may allow you to achieve two things: It may allow you to keep your operating company purified for LCGE purposes as the passive assets are removed; and it may provide your operating company with some creditor protection as the value of the operating company is reduced. In the past, this was easy to achieve by paying tax-free inter-corporate dividends from your operating company to your holding company. However, there are changes to the income tax rules related to inter-corporate dividends that make this more difficult.

If you're planning to use a holding company but you want to maintain the ability to claim the LCGE on the sale of your operating company, careful planning should be considered. Keep in mind that only individuals can claim the LCGE, so if your holding company sells the shares of your operating company, it will not be able to claim the LCGE. In a case like this, you may want to consider holding some of the operating company shares personally or have your family members own the operating company shares, directly or indirectly through a trust, to ensure the LCGE can be accessed if you sell the shares of your operating company.

In addition, you should consider how passive income may affect your corporation's access to the small business deduction (SBD). When a holding company and an operating company are associated, the passive investment income that's earned may affect the operating company's ability to use the SBD even if the investment income is earned in the holding company. For more information, please ask your RBC advisor for an article on how the corporation's ability to access the SBD is impacted by earning passive investment income.

Estate Freeze Example with Family Trust

You may decide to use a family trust when implementing your estate freeze. This may allow you to retain some control of the common shares by being one of the trustees of the trust. It may also provide flexibility in determining who gets the income from the common shares and who will ultimately receive the common shares held by the family trust. One downside to using a family trust is that this indirect ownership structure may limit the ability to split income (under the TOSI rules) with family members who aren't actively involved in the business.

There are pros and cons to each structure, but a qualified tax advisor can advise you on the best way to structure your estate freeze based on your circumstances and objectives.

Other Considerations

Valuation of Your Property

A proper valuation of the shares being frozen is critical to a successful estate freeze. If the property being frozen is valued below its fair market value, you may have to realize a capital gain equal to the amount of the undervaluation. Alternatively, if the valuation of the shares being frozen is too high, you may have to recognize a taxable benefit. As a precaution against valuation errors, the transfer documents (in regard to property being transferred to a corporation) could contain a price adjustment clause that allows the parties to adjust the purchase price if the CRA determines that the fair market value of the transferred property was greater than or less than the price used for the freeze transaction.

Control

While your goal may be to freeze your tax liability on death and transfer the future growth of your assets to your family members, you may wish to maintain control over your corporation. You may be able to maintain control if the preferred shares issued to you in the estate freeze have special voting rights and/or by limiting the voting rights on the growth shares issued to your family members. An alternative strategy is to use a family trust to hold the growth shares rather than issuing the shares directly to your spouse and/or children. By putting the new common shares in a family trust, you may be able to maintain some control if you're one of the trustees of the trust. In addition, you may have the flexibility to determine which beneficiaries receive the income every year and ultimately which beneficiaries receive the shares at a later date.

Changes to Your Circumstances: Modifying an Estate Freeze

Your circumstances and business conditions are always changing and, in some situations, the estate freeze you've put in place may no longer meet your needs. Flexibility may be built into the freeze at the beginning to allow variations of the freeze in the future. For example, unfreezing techniques, such as "melt" or "thaw" may allow you to receive more income or have access to a larger share of the assets from the corporation. An estate freeze along with slowly redeeming your frozen preferred shares allows you to gradually reduce the size of your estate and the taxes payable on your death. This technique of doing an estate freeze and then slowly redeeming your frozen preferred shares is sometimes referred to as a "wasting freeze."

If the value of your corporation decreases after a freeze instead of appreciating in value, you may be able to refreeze at a lower value. The refreeze can be done by implementing an estate freeze of your preferred shares at the new lower value. This is beneficial since it lowers your estate value thereby reducing your capital gains tax on death and allowing more growth to pass to the next generation, assuming the value of the company increases after the refreeze.

All these methods of modifying an estate freeze could potentially have tax implications if not properly executed. This means that they shouldn't be attempted without the assistance of a qualified tax advisor.

Start Planning Today

As part of your estate plan, you may want to consider an estate freeze if you already own sufficient assets to fund your retirement. It's important to start planning early to ensure that you can transfer any excess growth to your intended beneficiaries. Further, if you have implemented a freeze, it's important to monitor your circumstances to ensure that the freeze continues to meet your needs.

An estate freeze is complex and must take into consideration your lifestyle and estate objectives. Speak with a qualified tax and/or legal advisor to determine if this strategy is right for you and to help you engage the right experts to implement an estate freeze.